Well EE is only going to generate database queries if accessed, so likely a few things happened, a page or pages on your site were accessed in some way, causing EE to generate page views/queries, you have a template with a tag or group of tags causing a huge amount of data being gathered in some way with a simple page access (have seen people accidentally do things in templates in the forums here generating 1,000’s or 10’s of thousands of queries by mistake), or other factors I am not thinking of at the moment. Your host should be able to help you with more details, like increased web side activity to your site, or if there are still any of the queries in the cache directory you can open those and likely EE support folks can assist in identifying what generated the queries in EE, ie: weblog tag, search, or other features.
Just a few things I can think of of the top of my head.